Folio with a captioned painting, focusing on two central veiled figures, one riding a camel and the other riding a human-headed steed. Above, 8 winged figures carry light, while below two demons torture 17 half-naked figures. Three clothed men watch the scene (two on the left; one below the riders).
AKM264, Pir (elder) Ali Parniqi’s dream of the shaykh with Prophet Muhammad, fol.116v

© The Aga Khan Museum

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Pir (elder) Ali Parniqi’s dream of the shaykh with Prophet Muhammad
From the manuscript of Safvat al-Safa (The Quintessence of Purity), the hagiography of Shaykh Safi al-Din Ishaq Ardabili (1252/3–1334)
  • Accession Number:AKM264 (fol.116v)
  • Creator:written by Isma’il bin Bazzaz (d. 1391–92)
  • Place:Iran, Shiraz
  • Dimensions:35.2 x 22 cm
  • Date:Sha’ban 990 AH/September 1582 AD
  • Materials and Technique:opaque watercolour, ink, and gold on paper
  • Pir (elder) Ali Parniqi’s dream of the shaykh with Prophet Muhammad” is one of fourteen paintings in the only known illustrated copy of Safvat al-Safa (The Quintessence of Purity), a tazkira and hagiography of Shaykh Safi al-Din Ishaq Ardabili (1252/3–1334). Safvat al-Safa gives detailed information about the life, sayings, virtues, and miracles of Shaykh Safi, the spiritual founder of the Safavid dynasty (1501–1736). Safvat al-Safa is a biography book with hagiographical accounts which falls under both genres. In Islamic literature, the term "tazkira" is used for biographical texts and "hagiography" is used for books on the lives of the mystics. Safvat al-Safa includes actual information on the life of Shaykh Safi al-Din Ishaq Ardabili as well as mystical and supernatural stories. It appears to have been the main source of the Safavid chroniclers for the early period of the dynasty, as there are numerous copies and translations. Safvat al-Safa has an introduction (muqaddima), twelve chapters (bab), and an epilogue (khatima). Each chapter has numerous sections (fasl) which include multiple short episodes (hikayat).

     

    To view all 14 paintings in AKM264, Manuscript of Safvat al-Safa (The Quintessence of Purity), see: fol.76v, fol.85r, fol.116v, fol.138r, fol.161v, fol.245v, fol.270v, fol.282r, fol.321r, fol.329v, fol.349r, fol.376r, fol.452r, fol.490v.

Further Reading

 

This version of Safvat al-Safa was completed in 1582 in Shiraz, one of the important manuscript centres of its time. Rather than relying exclusively on the original text written by Isma’il bin Bazzaz (d. 1391–92), it includes revised text produced in 1533 during the reign of Shah Tahmasp (r. 1524–1576). The author of the new version, Shi’ite jurist Abu’l-Fath al-Husaini (d. 1568–69), added a preface and an appendix and wrote that the Safavids had descended from the seventh Imam Musa al-Kazim, thus producing an “official version” of the origin of the Safavids.

 

This version of Safvat al-Safa is a fine example of the 1580s Shiraz workshops with its gold-painted leather binding; double-page illumination; blue, gold, and red-lined rulers on its 509 folios; and neat Nasta’liq script with highlighted words and phrases in red, blue, gold or orange. Its illustration cycle seems to be very well-organized with regard to the choice of topics and the diversity of its compositions. Moreover, its paintings are skillfully executed and strongly reflective of their accompanying text. They also share features of other contemporary illustrated manuscripts from Shiraz, including vibrant colours, crowded compositions with figures shown in various angles, detailed and repetitive decoration on the surfaces, and plain flora enriched with trees. The visual program of this Safvat al-Safa represents the shaykh as the protagonist in most of its illustrations.

 

Pir (elder) Ali Parniqi’s dream of the shaykh with Prophet Muhammad” is the third painting in the first chapter of Safvat al-Safa. This particular section in the chapter concerns the guidance of the Prophet, who has anticipated the coming of Shaykh Safi with his saying, “the person who saw me in a dream saw me correctly, for Satan has no power to come in my shape.” The text surrounding the painting conveys the story from Pir (elder) Saraj, whose father Pir Ali Parniqi has dreamt of the Shaykh holding a green staff in his hand and trying to bring order to a crowd. Muhammad Mustafa stands by his side as he takes them under the shadow of the Prophet.

 

The accompanying painting has many features combining the iconography and the traditional representations of the eschatological and ascension stories. There are two veiled figures in the middle ground: the first riding a camel and holding a long pole (that holds both a large green banner and a standard), and the second riding Buraq, the human-headed steed of the Prophet. On the upper register, angels carry trays of light (nur) over the veiled figures. On the middle left, two men are watching the riders as they move to a group of half-naked men who are apparently being tortured by two black divs (giants or demons) holding flaming maces.

 

Dreams in Islam carry a special authority as they communicate truth from the next world and are associated with mystical facility since the “true good dream” is a potential pathway to the divine. Moreover, the vision of Prophet Muhammad in a dream holds particular importance according to the tradition (hadith). Taking the references and iconographical elements into consideration, the camel rider who is described as “the keeper of the banner” should be the Prophet, whereas the Buraq rider is Caliph ‘Ali. 

 

The records of ownership and several seals in this version of Safvat al-Safa display its value and popularity even centuries after the shaykh's death. On f.509a a seal, bearing the date 1281 (1864–65) and the name “Tahmasb al-Husayni” written in the form of a tughra, is stamped on each side of the triangular colophon. Another record (this time on f. 509b) reads: “This book is very precious and it is a unique copy. Therefore, I am making the following vow that I will not sell this book. If I do, I will make the pilgrimage, and if I die before completing it, I will leave money for the Sayyids so that you (God) witness that I have kept my word.” Unfortunately there are no records on the actual identity of the owner(s).

Safvat al-Safa is one of the rare examples of the illustrated biographies produced in Shiraz in the sixteenth century. Among such works are Tuhfa-yi Sami (1550-52), a poet biography by Sam Mirza (d. 1566), son of Shah Isma'il (r. 1502-1524); Majalis al-'Ushshaq (1503), a biography of the royal prices, eminent people of the age, and famous mystics by Kamal al-Din Husain Gazurgahi (d. ca. 1503-4), Sultan Husain's (r. 1469-1506) intimate companion. Illustrated biographical works started to be produced in Shiraz by as early as 1550, though rapidly increased by the 1570s with many Majalis al-'Ushshaq copies. Although there are some sytlistic differences or changes in the painting cycles depending on each work, it is clear that Majalis al-'Ushshaq is admired as a new subject and therefore many illustrated copies are prepared in Shiraz in the second half of the sixteenth century.

— Aslihan Erkmen


References
Babinger, F. “Safi al-Din Ardabili.” Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd ed. VIII (1995): 801. ISBN: 9789004098343
Canby, Sheila R. Shah ‘Abbas. The Remaking of Iran. London: The British Museum Press, 2009. ISBN: 9780714124520
Erkmen, Aslihan. “Metinlerden Tasvirlere Yansiyan Yuzler: Musavver Bir ‘Mesa’iru’s-Su’ara’ Nushasinin Portreleri” [Figural Representations from Text to Image: The Portraits of an Illustrated ‘Masha'ir al-Shu'ara’]. PhD diss., Istanbul Technical University, 2011.
---. "The Visualisation of Shaykh Safi al-Din Ishaq Ardabili: A Unique Illustrated Copy of the Safvat al-Safa at the Aga Khan Museum Collection and Its Illustrations," Iranian Studies 50.1 (2017): 45–77. DOI: 10.1080/00210862.2015.1061341
---. "Islam Dunyasinda Biyografi Yazimi ve Resimlenmesi" [Biographical Writings and their Illustrations in the Islamic World]. TUBA-KED 19 (2019): forthcoming. DOI: 10.22520/tubaked.2019.19.010
Farhad, Massumeh, and Serpil Bagci. Falnama The Book of Omens. Washington, DC: Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, 2009. ISBN: 9780934686150
Majd, Ghulam-Riza Tabataba’i, ed. Safvetu’s-Safa: der Terceme-i Ahval ve akval ve Keramat-i Seyh Safiyeddin Ishak Erdebili [Safvat al-Safa: The Life Story, the Sayings and the Miraculous Deeds of Shaykh Safi al-Din Ishak Ardabili]. Tabriz: Danishgah-i Azad Islami, 1994.
Mazzaoui, Michel. The Origin of the Safawids. Shi’ism, Sufism and the Gulat. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1972. ISBN: 9783515005814
---. “A ‘New’ Edition of the Safvat al-safa.” In History and Historiography of Post-Mongol Central Asia and the Middle East: Studies in Honor of John E. Woods, eds. Judith Pfeiffer, Sholeh Quinn, and Ernest Tucker. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2006, 303–310. ISBN: 9783447052788
Sah, Serap.“Safvetu’s-Safa’da Safiyuddin-i Erdebili’nin Hayati, Tasavvufi Gorusleri ve Menkibeleri” [The Life, Sufic Thoughts and Miracles of Safi al-Din Ardabili in ‘Safvat al-Safa’]. 2 vols. PhD diss., Marmara Universitesi, Istanbul: 2007.
Togan, Zeki Velidi “Sur l'origine des Safavides.” In Mélanges Louis Massignon, vol. 3. Damascus: Institut Français de Damas, 1957, 345–357.
Uluc, Lale. Turkmen Governors, Shiraz Artisans and Ottoman Collectors. Istanbul: Turkiye Is Bankasi, 2006. ISBN: 9789754589634
Welch, Anthony and Stuart Cary Welch. Arts of the Islamic Book: The Collection of Prince Sadruddin Aga Khan. Ithaca: Cornell University, 1982. ISBN: 9780801415487

Note: This online resource is reviewed and updated on an ongoing basis. We are committed to improving this information and will revise and update knowledge about this object as it becomes available.

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